Ballistics for Air Guns:
Terminology
Gravity starts acting on air gun pellets as soon as they leave the barrel, causing the pellets to follow a curve which slopes downward from its initial path. As the distance increases and the velocity decreases, this curve becomes more pronounced. To compensate for this drop, the pellets from air guns are propelled at an upward angle (Line of Departure). The sights are set at a downward angle (Line of Sight) so that the Line of Sight intersects the curved Pellet Path at the desired Zero Range.
Ballistic Coefficient (B-C) - a value obtained by comparing the performance of an airgun pellet against that of a standard projectile - used as a basis for calculating Exterior Ballistics. Airgun pellets with a higher Ballistic Coefficient will retain energy and velocity better than ones with a lower B-C. Also Drop will be less (flatter Pellet Path) and Wind Drift will be less. Increasing the B-C often involves increasing the lead pellet weight which will reduce muzzle velocity and may negate any performance gain.
Base Line - horizontal line from the muzzle of air guns - the Line of Sight and Pellet Path will intersect this line at the Zero range.
Drift (Wind Drift) - the horizontal distance that the pellet moves due to the effects of wind. Air gun pellets with a higher Ballistic Coefficient will be less affected by the wind than ones with a lower B-C.
Drop - the vertical distance that the airgun pellet drops below the Line of Departure.
Exterior Ballistics - the flight of pellets after they leave the barrel of the air guns.
Line of Departure - the upward angle of the air gun barrel - the direction in which the pellet is traveling at the instant it leaves the muzzle of the air gun. The pellet never rises above this line.
Path (Pellet Path) - the curve followed by the pellet as it travels from the airgun. The Path starts at an upward angle and begins to curve downward as the pellet travels down range. The pellet path passes through the Line of Sight at the Zero point (or Zero distance). Often incorrectly referred to as Trajectory. Trajectory is more correctly the Path measured in relation to the Base Line.
Range - the distance along the Base Line from the muzzle of the airgun to the point in question.
Sight Height - distance from the center of the sight (scope) to the center of the air gun bore (barrel). Sight Height is usually established as 1.5 inches - a typical value for scope sighted air guns. Values for the Pellet Path will change if Sight Height is changed.
Time (Time of Flight) - the time in seconds that it takes a pellet to travel from the muzzle of air guns to a given point.
Muzzle Velocity - the velocity (feet per second - fps - ft/sec) of the pellet as it leaves the muzzle of air guns.
Remaining Velocity - the velocity of the pellet at a given point - typically listed at five yard intervals from 5 to 75 yards.
Zero (Zero Range) - the distance from the airgun muzzle where the sights are set so that the projectile strikes the point of aim - where the pellet path crosses the Line of Sight. At all other distances the pellet will strike above or below the line of sight. In ballistics tables the Pellet Path is typically shown for different Zero sight settings.
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